--- trunk/xDissertation/Introduction.tex 2008/03/24 20:12:52 3375 +++ trunk/xDissertation/Introduction.tex 2008/04/16 21:56:34 3383 @@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ in figure~\ref{Infig:lipid}. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/inLipid.pdf} -\caption{The chemical structure of glycerophospholipids (left) and -sphingophospholipids (right).\cite{Cevc80}} +\caption[The chemical structure of lipids]{The chemical structure of +glycerophospholipids (left) and sphingophospholipids +(right).\cite{Cevc80}} \label{Infig:lipid} \end{figure} Glycerophospholipids are the dominant phospholipids in biological @@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ chains. \begin{table*} \begin{minipage}{\linewidth} \begin{center} -\caption{A number types of phosphatidycholine.} +\caption{A NUMBER TYPES OF PHOSPHATIDYCHOLINE} \begin{tabular}{lll} \hline & Fatty acid & Generic Name \\ @@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ chains. \end{center} \end{minipage} \end{table*} -When dispersed in water, lipids self assemble into a mumber of +When dispersed in water, lipids self assemble into a number of topologically distinct bilayer structures. The phase behavior of lipid bilayers has been explored experimentally~\cite{Cevc80}, however, a complete understanding of the mechanism and driving forces behind the @@ -60,11 +61,11 @@ figure~\ref{Infig:phaseDiagram}.~\cite{Cevc80} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/inPhaseDiagram.pdf} -\caption{Phases of PC lipid bilayers. With increasing -temperature, phosphotidylcholine (PC) bilayers can go through -$L_{\beta'} \rightarrow P_{\beta'}$ (gel $\rightarrow$ ripple) and -$P_{\beta'} \rightarrow L_\alpha$ (ripple $\rightarrow$ fluid) phase -transitions.~\cite{Cevc80}} +\caption[Phases of PC lipid bilayers]{Phases of PC lipid +bilayers. With increasing temperature, phosphotidylcholine (PC) +bilayers can go through $L_{\beta'} \rightarrow P_{\beta'}$ (gel +$\rightarrow$ ripple) and $P_{\beta'} \rightarrow L_\alpha$ (ripple +$\rightarrow$ fluid) phase transitions.~\cite{Cevc80}} \label{Infig:phaseDiagram} \end{figure} Most structural information about the ripple phase has been obtained @@ -79,12 +80,12 @@ mica.~\cite{Kaasgaard03} \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/inRipple.pdf} -\caption{Experimental observations of the riple phase. The top image -is an electrostatic density map obtained by Sun {\it et al.} using -X-ray diffraction~\cite{Sun96}. The lower figures are the surface -topology of various ripple domains in bilayers supported in mica. The -AFM images were observed by Kaasgaard {\it et -al.}.~\cite{Kaasgaard03}} +\caption[Experimental observations of the riple phase]{Experimental +observations of the riple phase. The top image is an electrostatic +density map obtained by Sun {\it et al.} using X-ray +diffraction~\cite{Sun96}. The lower figures are the surface topology +of various ripple domains in bilayers supported in mica. The AFM +images were observed by Kaasgaard {\it et al.}.~\cite{Kaasgaard03}} \label{Infig:ripple} \end{figure} Figure~\ref{Infig:ripple} shows the ripple phase oberved by both X-ray @@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ never been elucidated by experiments. Computational si physical mechanism for the formation of the ripple phase has never been explained and the microscopic structure of the ripple phase has never been elucidated by experiments. Computational simulation is a -perfect tool to study the microscopic properties for a +very good tool to study the microscopic properties for a system. However, the large length scale of the ripple structures and the long time required for the formation of the ripples are crucial obstacles to performing the actual work. The principal ideas explored @@ -136,10 +137,10 @@ anti-aligned structure. \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=3in]{./figures/inFrustration.pdf} -\caption{Frustration on triangular lattice, the spins and dipoles are -represented by arrows. The multiple local minima of energy states -induce frustration for spins and dipoles resulting in disordered -low-temperature phases.} +\caption[Frustration on triangular lattice]{Frustration on triangular +lattice, the spins and dipoles are represented by arrows. The multiple +local minima of energy states induce frustration for spins and dipoles +resulting in disordered low-temperature phases.} \label{Infig:frustration} \end{figure} The spins in figure~\ref{Infig:frustration} illustrate frustration for