| 14 |
|
\begin{figure} |
| 15 |
|
\centering |
| 16 |
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/inLipid.pdf} |
| 17 |
< |
\caption{The chemical structure of glycerophospholipids (left) and |
| 18 |
< |
sphingophospholipids (right).\cite{Cevc80}} |
| 17 |
> |
\caption[The chemical structure of lipids]{The chemical structure of |
| 18 |
> |
glycerophospholipids (left) and sphingophospholipids |
| 19 |
> |
(right).\cite{Cevc80}} |
| 20 |
|
\label{Infig:lipid} |
| 21 |
|
\end{figure} |
| 22 |
|
Glycerophospholipids are the dominant phospholipids in biological |
| 31 |
|
\begin{table*} |
| 32 |
|
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth} |
| 33 |
|
\begin{center} |
| 34 |
< |
\caption{A number types of phosphatidycholine.} |
| 34 |
> |
\caption{A NUMBER TYPES OF PHOSPHATIDYCHOLINE} |
| 35 |
|
\begin{tabular}{lll} |
| 36 |
|
\hline |
| 37 |
|
& Fatty acid & Generic Name \\ |
| 61 |
|
\begin{figure} |
| 62 |
|
\centering |
| 63 |
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/inPhaseDiagram.pdf} |
| 64 |
< |
\caption{Phases of PC lipid bilayers. With increasing |
| 65 |
< |
temperature, phosphotidylcholine (PC) bilayers can go through |
| 66 |
< |
$L_{\beta'} \rightarrow P_{\beta'}$ (gel $\rightarrow$ ripple) and |
| 67 |
< |
$P_{\beta'} \rightarrow L_\alpha$ (ripple $\rightarrow$ fluid) phase |
| 68 |
< |
transitions.~\cite{Cevc80}} |
| 64 |
> |
\caption[Phases of PC lipid bilayers]{Phases of PC lipid |
| 65 |
> |
bilayers. With increasing temperature, phosphotidylcholine (PC) |
| 66 |
> |
bilayers can go through $L_{\beta'} \rightarrow P_{\beta'}$ (gel |
| 67 |
> |
$\rightarrow$ ripple) and $P_{\beta'} \rightarrow L_\alpha$ (ripple |
| 68 |
> |
$\rightarrow$ fluid) phase transitions.~\cite{Cevc80}} |
| 69 |
|
\label{Infig:phaseDiagram} |
| 70 |
|
\end{figure} |
| 71 |
|
Most structural information about the ripple phase has been obtained |
| 80 |
|
\begin{figure} |
| 81 |
|
\centering |
| 82 |
|
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./figures/inRipple.pdf} |
| 83 |
< |
\caption{Experimental observations of the riple phase. The top image |
| 84 |
< |
is an electrostatic density map obtained by Sun {\it et al.} using |
| 85 |
< |
X-ray diffraction~\cite{Sun96}. The lower figures are the surface |
| 86 |
< |
topology of various ripple domains in bilayers supported in mica. The |
| 87 |
< |
AFM images were observed by Kaasgaard {\it et |
| 88 |
< |
al.}.~\cite{Kaasgaard03}} |
| 83 |
> |
\caption[Experimental observations of the riple phase]{Experimental |
| 84 |
> |
observations of the riple phase. The top image is an electrostatic |
| 85 |
> |
density map obtained by Sun {\it et al.} using X-ray |
| 86 |
> |
diffraction~\cite{Sun96}. The lower figures are the surface topology |
| 87 |
> |
of various ripple domains in bilayers supported in mica. The AFM |
| 88 |
> |
images were observed by Kaasgaard {\it et al.}.~\cite{Kaasgaard03}} |
| 89 |
|
\label{Infig:ripple} |
| 90 |
|
\end{figure} |
| 91 |
|
Figure~\ref{Infig:ripple} shows the ripple phase oberved by both X-ray |
| 98 |
|
physical mechanism for the formation of the ripple phase has never |
| 99 |
|
been explained and the microscopic structure of the ripple phase has |
| 100 |
|
never been elucidated by experiments. Computational simulation is a |
| 101 |
< |
perfect tool to study the microscopic properties for a |
| 101 |
> |
very good tool to study the microscopic properties for a |
| 102 |
|
system. However, the large length scale of the ripple structures and |
| 103 |
|
the long time required for the formation of the ripples are crucial |
| 104 |
|
obstacles to performing the actual work. The principal ideas explored |
| 137 |
|
\begin{figure} |
| 138 |
|
\centering |
| 139 |
|
\includegraphics[width=3in]{./figures/inFrustration.pdf} |
| 140 |
< |
\caption{Frustration on triangular lattice, the spins and dipoles are |
| 141 |
< |
represented by arrows. The multiple local minima of energy states |
| 142 |
< |
induce frustration for spins and dipoles resulting in disordered |
| 143 |
< |
low-temperature phases.} |
| 140 |
> |
\caption[Frustration on triangular lattice]{Frustration on triangular |
| 141 |
> |
lattice, the spins and dipoles are represented by arrows. The multiple |
| 142 |
> |
local minima of energy states induce frustration for spins and dipoles |
| 143 |
> |
resulting in disordered low-temperature phases.} |
| 144 |
|
\label{Infig:frustration} |
| 145 |
|
\end{figure} |
| 146 |
|
The spins in figure~\ref{Infig:frustration} illustrate frustration for |
